Correlation between salivary biomarkers and plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy

Objetive: To evaluate the correlation between salivary biomarkers (the salivary antioxidant ability, salivary level of polyphenols, and other antioxidants) with plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Material and Methods: For this observational study, medical records, dental examinations, and analyses of saliva samples were carried out in pregnant and nonpregnant women. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The pregnant women (n =17) exhibited a lower antioxidant capacity (p-value=0.0041), higher levels of polyphenols, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and subjects consuming mineral-enriched products (p-value from <0.0001 to 0.0466), and unchanged levels of phosphotungstic acid reactive substances, proteins, oral hygienic habits, plaque index and probing depth (p-value from 0.0683 to 0.8358), in comparison with the nonpregnant women (n=9). Also, a positive correlation between the gingival index and salivary polyphenol content was observed (r-value = 0.4087, p-value = 0.0202). Conclusion: The salivary polyphenols correlate with plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by pregnancy, suggesting a deficiency of salivary antioxidant protection.

Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre los biomarcadores salivales (la capacidad antioxidante salival, el nivel salival de polifenoles y otros antioxidantes) con la gingivitis inducida por placa exacerbada por el embarazo en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas. Material y Métodos: Para este estudio observacional, se realizaron registros médicos, exámenes dentales y análisis de muestras de saliva en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Las gestantes (n=17) presentaron menor capacidad antioxidante (p=0,0041), mayores niveles de polifenoles, índice gingival, sangrado al sondaje y los sujetos que consumían productos enriquecidos con minerales (p<0,0001 a p<0,0466), y no hubo diferencias en los niveles de sustancias reactivas al ácido fosfotúngstico, proteínas, hábitos de higiene bucal, índice de placa y profundidad de sondaje (p=0,0683 a 0,8358), en comparación con las mujeres no embarazadas (n=19). Además, se observó una correlación positiva entre el índice gingival y elcontenido de polifenoles salivales (r = 0,4087, p= 0,0202). Conclusión: Los polifenoles salivales se correlacionan con la gingivitis inducida por placa y exacerbada por el embarazo, lo que sugiere una deficiencia de protección antioxidante salival.

Manifestaciones orales y disfunción olfativa y gustativa en el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por corona virus 2 (VIRUS SARS-COV-2): una revisión sistemáticaA / Oral Manifestations and Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARSCov-2 Virus) Disease: A Systematic Review

La enfermedad del corona virus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (virus SARS-CoV-2) apareció por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, y desde entonces se ha extendido rápidamente por todo el mundo. Desde entonces, el brote de esta grave enfermedad viral se ha convertido en una amenaza global para la humanidad. El diagnóstico precoz y el aislamiento son las medidas más importantes necesarias para prevenir su propagación. La evidencia anecdótica reciente ha sugerido manifestaciones orales con o sin deterioro olfativo y gustativo en asociación con la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). La enzima convertidora de angiotensina-2 (ECA-2) se expresa en la mucosa oral en grandes cantidades y, por tanto, puede contribuir a las primeras manifestaciones de esta enfermedad viral mortal. Las manifestaciones bucales de la enfermedad por coronavirus pueden presentarse en forma de lesiones ulcerativas irregulares en relación con diferentes partes de la cavidad oral y, en particular, en relación con la mucosa adherida en la región del paladar duro, así como inflamación y posterior atrofia de las diversas papilas de la lengua. La disfunción olfativa y gustativa asociada también puede conducir a una pérdida parcial y / o incluso completa de la capacidad para oler y saborear en las primeras etapas del inicio de la enfermedad. La evidencia también ha sugerido la presencia de ácido nucleico del SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva humana, lo que la convierte en portadora de la enfermedad viral infecciosa y ayuda en su diagnóstico. Hemos buscado sistemáticamente la base de datos médica para el mismo y hemos revisado toda la literatura disponible hasta el 29 de junio de 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) disease had first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has been spreading quickly throughout the world since then. Since then, the outbreak of this severe viral disease has become a global threat to humanity. An early diagnosis and isolation are the most significant measures required to prevent its spread. Recent anecdotal evidence has suggested oral manifestations with or, without olfactory and gustatory impairment in association with corona virus disease (COVID-19). Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is expressed in oral mucosa in large amounts and can, thus, contribute in the early manifestations of this deadly viral disease. The oral manifestations of corona virus disease can occur in the form of irregular ulcerative lesions in relation to different parts of the oral cavity and particularly, in relation to the attached mucosa in the hard palate region as well as inflammation and subsequent, atrophy of the various tongue papilla. The associated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction can, also, lead to partial and/or, even a complete loss of the ability to smell and taste in the early stages of the disease onset. Evidence has, also, suggested the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in human saliva making it the carrier of the infectious viral disease as well as aiding in its diagnosis. We have systemically searched medical database for the same and have reviewed all the literature available up to 29th of June 2020.

Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Therapy on whole Salivary Flow in Patients with Xerostomia and Healthy Adults

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy on whole salivary flow in patients with xerostomia and healthy adults. Material and Methods: Thirty subjects with a history of xerostomia and subjects withunstimulated salivary flow equal to or less than 0.5 ml in 5 min were included in the study group, and 30 healthy subjects were included in the control group. Low forced spitting unstimulated saliva was collected for five minutes in a test tube fitted with a funnel. Then electrode pads of the TENS unit were applied bilaterally on skin overlying the parotid glands and at optimal intensity, stimulated saliva was collected for 5 minutes with the same method in a separate graduated test tube. The salivary flow rate (per minute) was calculated by dividing the amount of collected saliva (volume in mL) by the duration of collection period (5 minutes) and the salivary flow rates prior and after electrostimulation were compared for both groups. The Student's t-test (unpaired and paired) was performed for group-wise comparisons. Results: In study group, the mean unstimulated salivary flow rate was 0.07 ± 0.01 mL/min. There was an 85.71% increase in salivary flow (0.13 ± 0.03 mL/min) during the TENS application and the difference was highly significant (p<0.001). In control group, the mean unstimulated salivary flow rate was 0.37 ± 0.07 mL/min. There was a 21.62% increase in salivary flow (0.45 ± 0.07 mL/min) during the TENS application and the difference was highly significant (p<0.001). An increase in mean salivary flow rate both in males and females after TENS application in both groups (p<0.001) was noted. The difference between unstimulated, stimulated and mean difference in salivary flow rate between males and females was notstatistically significant in both groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: TENS can be an effective therapy in increasing whole salivary flow rates in patients with xerostomia.

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders and its Correlation with Stress and Salivary Cortisol Levels among Students

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in students and to evaluate if any relationship existed between the stress levels, salivary cortisol levels, and TMD. Material and Methods: A total of 348 students, 187 female, and 161 male students, participated in this cross-sectional study. Students were evaluated based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. The stress levels were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale. The students were divided into the control and TMD groups. Salivary cortisol levels in the salivary samples were analyzed. Results: The prevalence rate of TMDs was 30.7% in the study population. Of the female students, 61% had TMD compared with 46% of male students. Muscle disorders were the most predominant disorder in 14.2% of the students with TMD. The TMD group showed significantly higher salivary cortisol and stress levels than the control group. The TMD group also showed a moderate positive correlation between cortisol and stress levels (p=0.01). Conclusion: The study showed a strong association between salivary cortisol levels, stress, and temporomandibular disorders. Salivary cortisol could be used as a prognostic biomarker for stress while assessing the severity of TMJ problems in stressed individuals.

Salivary and Serum Biochemical Analysis from Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare salivary and serum biochemical levels in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Material and Methods: The sample was composed of 57 patients treated in Hemodialysis Reference Centers, from a state of Northeastern Brazilian, with age ≥21 years old with at least 3 months of hemodialysis treatment time. Serum data were obtained from records. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva were collected. Flow rate (mL/min) was measured. Spectrophotometry was performed for the measurement of salivary levels of calcium (570 nm), urea (340 nm), and creatinine (510 nm). Statistical analysis used Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05). Results: Unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates were 0.43 mL/min and 1.69 mL/min, respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.001) of levels of calcium (5.41 mg/dL and 9.70 mg/dL), urea (118.03 mg/dL and 183.22 mg/dL) and creatinine (0.59 mg/dL and 9.20 mg/dL) between saliva and serum, respectively. Concerning the time of hemodialysis, salivary and serum calcium not exhibited significant association; however, serum urea (p=0.012) and serum creatinine (p=0.025) showed significant association to the time of hemodialysis. Conclusion: Salivary biochemical levels of urea, creatinine and calcium can indicate the presence of a possible chronic renal failure and the saliva demonstrated to be a potential auxiliary biofluid for clinical monitoring renal alterations.

Mucina y Enfermedad Periodontal / Mucin and periodontal disease

La enfermedad periodontal (EP) es una patología que afecta principalmente los tejidos que rodean a la pieza dentaria (PD) y se caracteriza, en la mayoría de los casos, por una exposición bacteriana que favorece una respuesta destructiva e inflamatoria del huésped, que conduce a la pérdida de inserción periodontal de la PD, provocando una marcada reabsorción ósea y la posible pérdida de las PD. El diagnóstico de EP implica evaluaciones clínicas y radiográficas, en la actualidad se están realizando diversas investigaciones para evaluar posibles compuestos en los fluidos orales a través de lo cual puede ser posible evaluar la presencia y gravedad de estas enfermedades, como así también el riesgo en los pacientes. Hay evidencias de la interacción de macromoléculas salivales, como las mucinas, con microorganismos específicos. De esta manera las mucinas, junto con otros productos de la saliva, ayudan a modular tanto el número como el tipo de proliferación de ciertos organismos y provocar la disminución de otros. La revisión de la literatura actual concluye que las mucinas salivales pueden servir como un parámetro bioquímico de la inflamación del periodonto (AU)

Periodontal disease (PD) is a pathology that mainly affects the tissues surrounding the tooth (PD) and is characterized, in most cases, by a bacterial exposure that favors a destructive and inflammatory response of the host, which leads to the loss of periodontal insertion of the PD, causing a marked bone resorption and the possible loss of the PD. The diagnosis of PD involves clinical and radiographic evaluations, at present several investigations are being carried out to evaluate possible compounds in oral fluids through which it may be possible to evaluate the presence and severity of these diseases, as well as the risk in patients. There is evidence of the interaction of salivary macromolecules, such as mucins, with specific microorganisms. In this way, mucins, together with other saliva products, help modulate both the number and type of proliferation of certain organisms and cause the decrease of others. The review of the current literature concludes that salivary mucins can serve as a biochemical parameter of inflammation of the periodontium (AU)

Measles, rubella, mumps and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in saliva of vaccinated students of schools and universities in São Paulo City, Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vaccines are well-established public health interventions with major impacton the prevalence of infectious diseases, but outbreaks are occurring frequently due to pri-mary and secondary failures, despite high coverage. Surveillance of efficacy and duration ofinduced immunity is a difficult task as it requires invasive blood sampling in children andteenagers. Saliva can be an acceptable alternative source of IgG to assess vaccine efficacyand toxoplasmosis incidence. We investigated IgG response for measles, mumps, rubella,and T. gondii in saliva samples of vaccinated young people. Methods: Saliva was collected from 249 public schools students from São Paulo, Brazil, aged7 to 13 years old, during an interactive exhibition on hygiene. We used S. aureus proteinA solid phase capture assay for IgG reactive to biotinylated purified proteins. Paired salivaand serum (47) were tested from young adults with serum evidence of T. gondii infectionand from negative children less than 12 month old for standardization. Reproducibility wasgreater than 98% and sensitivity and specificity of the saliva assays were greater than 95%,as well as the concordance of paired saliva and serum samples. Results: Saliva from high school students showed a prevalence of 8.5% (95% CI: 5.0-11.9%)for anti T. gondii IgG; 96.8% (94.6-99%) of anti-measles IgG; 59.1% (53-65%) of anti-rubella IgG,and 57.5% (51.3-63.6%) of anti-mumps IgG. Discussion: The prevalence of antibodies against mumps and rubella after 6-8 years of vaccination was lower than against measles among students. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of saliva sampling for follow-up of vaccine immune status in teenagers. This useful approach allows for IgG detection for vaccine control or epidemio- logical studies.

Análise dos níveis de cortisol salivar em jovens e adultos com síndrome de Down e apneia obstrutiva do sono: estudo transversal / Analysis of salivary cortisol levels in young people and adults with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: cross-sectional study

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é um transtorno potencialmente grave e altamente prevalente na síndrome de Down (SD), sendo de grande relevância o conhecimento de causa e efeito entre essas duas condições. A AOS desencadeia eventos estressantes como esforços respiratórios e alteração da pressão arterial. O eixo hipotálamopituitária-adrenal (HPA) constitui-se em um conjunto de interações responsivas ativadas a partir de estímulos estressores, tendo como um dos produtos finais a secreção do cortisol, sendo esse o principal hormônio glicocorticoide secretado pelas glândulas adrenais, com funções de controlar as reações ao estresse. Estudos buscam identificar uma relação entre a AOS e as variáveis circadianas do cortisol, afim de encontrar biomarcadores que possam facilitar a detecção e avaliação de risco para AOS. Este estudo transversal mapeou os padrões matinais e noturnos de cortisol salivar em um grupo de jovens e adultos com SD, e avaliou as associações entre os níveis de cortisol e a presença de AOS (leve, moderada e grave). Os níveis de cortisol foram obtidos por meio de amostras salivares, por ser um biofluido que apresenta um excelente índice da fração livre do cortisol com resultados confiáveis, além da vantagem de ser umexame não invasivo e eficiente. Em adição, parâmetros salivares de cada participante foram avaliados por medidas sialométricas e sialoquímicas, obtendo-se valores da capacidade tampão, taxa de fluxo salivar e viscosidade. Foram selecionados 23 jovens e adultos com SD e AOS, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 18 e 26 anos, e submetidos a coletas de amostras de saliva em diferentes horários respeitando as variáveis fisiológicas do ciclo circadiano, para avaliações sialométricas e sialoquímicas. As coletas de saliva foram realizadas através de uma bomba de sucção adaptada para essa finalidade, e as análises de cortisol salivar por meio de um kit enzima imunoensaio. O resultado mostrou que não houve significância estatística entre AOS e as variáveis exploratórias gênero, cortisol salivar matinal e noturno, fluxo salivar, viscosidade e capacidade tampão. Os graus de AOS (leve, moderada e grave) não tiveram efeito significativo sobre cortisol salivar matinal e noturno. Todos os participantes apresentaram baixas taxas de fluxo salivar, capacidade tampão dentro de padrões de normalidade e, pelo menos metade dos participantes, apresentou baixos níveis de viscosidade salivar. Concluímos que a maioria dos jovens e adultos com SD e AOS, apresentou condição de normocortisolismo em ambos os períodos matinal e noturno, sugerindo ausência de risco de estresse psicológico e/ou físico. Apesar de não haver significância estatística, foram detectados quadros de hipercortisolismo e hipocortisolismo em períodos distintos e com diferentes graus de AOS.Os níveis de cortisol salivar apresentaram-se heterogêneos nos pacientes com SD independente dos graus de AOS. Por fim, foi observada redução na secreção e viscosidade salivar, com impacto negativo para mastigação, deglutição, fonação e percepção do paladar, sugerindo que seja realizada gestão salivar em pessoas com SD(AU)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a potentially serious and highly prevalent disorder in Down syndrome (DS), with great relevance the knowledge of cause and effect between these two conditions. OSA triggers stressful events such as breathing efforts and changes in blood pressure. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a set of responsive interactions activated from stressful stimuli, with cortisol secretion as one of the end products, which is the main glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, with functions to control the reactions to stress. Studies seek to identify a relationship between OSA and circadian cortisol variables, in order to find biomarkers that can facilitate the detection and risk assessment for OSA. This cross-sectional study mapped the morning and night patterns of salivary cortisol in a group of young people and adults with DS, and assessed the associations between cortisol levels and the presence of OSA (mild, moderate and severe). Cortisol levels were obtained by means of salivary samples, as it is a biofluid that has an excellent index of the free fraction of cortisol with reliable results, as well to the advantage of being a non-invasive and efficient test. In addition, salivary parameters of each participant were evaluated by sialometric and sialochemical measurements, obtaining values of buffer capacity, salivary flow rate and viscosity. Method: 23 young people and adults with DS and OSA, of both genders, aged between 18 and 26 years old, were selected and submitted to the collection of saliva samples at different times respecting the physiological variables of the circadian cycle, for sialometric and sialochemical evaluations. Saliva collections were performed using a suction pump adapted for this purpose, and salivary cortisol analysis using an immunoassay enzyme kit. Results: There was no statistical significance in the association between OSA and the exploratory variables gender, morning and night salivary cortisol, salivary flow, viscosity and buffer capacity. The degrees of OSA (mild, moderate and severe) had no significant effect on morning and evening salivary cortisol. All participants had low salivary flow rates, buffer capacity within normal standards, and at least half of the participants had low levels of salivary viscosity. Conclusion: The majority of young people and adults with DS and OSA showed a condition of normocortisolism in both morning and night periods, suggesting the absence of risk of psychological and / or physical stress. Although there was no statistical significance, hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism were detected in different periods and with different degrees of OSA. Salivary cortisol levels were heterogeneous in DS patients regardless of OSA degrees. Finally, a reduction in salivary secretion and viscosity was observed, with a negative impact on chewing, swallowing, phonation and perception of taste, suggesting that salivary management be performed in people with DS(AU)

Alanina aminotransferasa salival como biomarcador de periodontitis en pacientes de la Clínica de Periodoncia de la Unidad Médico Didáctica / Salivary alanine aminotransferase as a biomarker of periodontitis in patients of the Periodontics Clinic of the Didactic Medical Unit

La alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) es una enzima citoplasmática, más específi ca de daño hepático, la cual ha sido cuantifi cada en líquido crevicular; sin embargo, son escasos los reportes que señalan que la saliva pueda ser una herramienta de utilidad para la medición de esta enzima. El objetivo del estudio es identifi car los niveles de la enzima ALT en saliva no estimulada de pacientes sanos y pacientes con periodontitis, antes y después del tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 24 pacientes con periodontitis moderada a avanzada generalizada (n = 16) y pacientes con periodonto sano (n = 8) que acudieron a la Clínica de Periodoncia de la Unidad Médico Didáctica de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, donde al grupo experimental se le realizó tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico. Se recolectó saliva no estimulada antes y después del tratamiento periodontal para evaluar los niveles de ALT, procesando su lectura con un analizador semiautomático para química clínica. Resultados: En el grupo experimental se encontró una concentración de ALT de 52.47 ± 72.68, que disminuye a 14.95 ± 16.88 posterior a la terapia periodontal, a diferencia del grupo control con una media de 4.488 ± 3.229, se detectó una media de 5.638 ± 5.935 posterior al tratamiento periodontal. Conclusión: En los pacientes que fueron sometidos al tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico, la concentración de ALT tiende a disminuir de manera notable; sin embargo, los resultados mostrados no fueron estadísticamente significativos (AU)

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a cytoplasmic enzyme, more specific for liver damage, which has been quantifi ed in crevicular fl uid, however there are few reports that saliva can be a useful tool for the measurement of this enzyme. The objective of the study is to identify the levels of the ALT enzyme in unstimulated saliva of healthy patients and patients with periodontitis, before and after the non-surgical periodontal treatment. Material and methods: 24 patients with moderate to advanced generalized periodontitis (n = 16) and patients with healthy periodontium (n = 8) who attended the Periodontics Clinic of the Didactic Medical Unit of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes where the experimental group underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment. Unstimulated saliva was collected before and after the periodontal treatment to evaluate the ALT levels, processing its reading with a semi-automatic analyzer for clinical chemistry. Results: In the experimental group, an ALT concentration of 52.47 ± 72.68 was found, decreasing to 14.95 ± 16.88 after periodontal therapy, unlike the control group with a mean of 4.488 ± 3.229, fi nding an average of 5.638 ± 5.935 after periodontal treatment. Conclusion: In patients who underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment, the concentration of ALT tends to decrease signifi cantly, however the results shown were not statistically significant (AU)

Immunological and Morphological substantiation of the use of dental stick with biopharmaceuticals in the complex therapy of inflammatory periodontal diseases

Aim of the study: clinical, immunological and morphological substantiation of the use of a dental stick with biopharmaceuticals in the complex therapy of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Research methods: leukocyte migration test, cytograms, the study of quantitative and qualitative content of spontaneously released mixed saliva, measurement of the total content of protein, the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and lysozyme in it. Clinical improvement of the periodontal tissues condition after treatment by 77% was registered. OHI-S (hygienic index), PI (periodontal disease index), PMA (papillary-marginal-alveolar index) were 7.5, 3.4, and 8.7 times lower, respectively, compared to the pre-treatment group. The depth of periodontal pockets decreased 2.6-3.4 times, the number of sessions per treatment course was reduced to 3-8 visits to the doctor. The amount of mixed saliva (in comparison with the initial data) increased 2.7 times, normal levels were restored and were 1.2 ml higher than control indicators. Protein levels, lysozyme and sIgA concentrations increased and exceeded the pre-treatment level 1.8 times and by 44.5%, respectively. Cytograms data revealed that the number of red blood cells (in one field of view) in the gingiva specimens in inflammatory periodontal diseases (IPD) patients was 2.3 times lower, count of leukocytes with signs of destruction was 13.4 lower and intact leukocyte count was 3.8 times lower. Lymphocyte count was 2 times lower, indicating that the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues was reduced as a re sult of the reduction of the microbial burden: staphylococci and actinomycetes were detected 3 times less often, diplococci ­ 3.5 times less often, filamentous bacteria and streptococci ­ 4 times less often, protists ­ 5 times less often, respectively. The number of cocci microcolonies was 2.7 times higher. The number of fibroblasts (in one field of view) increased threefold, the content of collagen filaments of the normally oriented structure increased 1.4 times, compared to the original data, which indicated the formation of favorable conditions for healing and reparative regeneration processes. The results of the study showed that the use of a dental stick during local IPD therapy is an effective way of correcting changes in clinical and laboratory indicators of local immunity and that dental stick is a promising new dosage form in practical periodontology.

Inflammatory markers in the saliva of cerebral palsy individuals with gingivitis after periodontal treatment

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the salivary cytokine levels and clinical parameters of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) with gingivitis. A non-randomized, clinical trial was conducted in individuals diagnosed with spastic CP. Thirty-eight individuals were enrolled in the study and were categorized according to gingival index scores between 0-1 or 2-3, assigned to groups G2 or G1, respectively. Periodontal treatment comprised oral hygiene instructions, conventional mechanical treatment and 0.12% chlorhexidine applied as an adjunct. Clinical parameters and saliva samples were collected at baseline and at the 15-day follow-up visit. Bleeding on probing and periodontal screening and recording were determined. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained, and the salivary flow rate, the osmolality and the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70 were evaluated by a cytometric bead array. The Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation analysis, Poisson regression analysis and an adjusted analysis were performed (α = 0.05). The groups differed significantly in periodontal clinical parameters at baseline and at follow-up. Salivary flow rate and osmolality were similar in both groups at both timepoints. However, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were higher in G1 than in G2 at baseline. Mechanical treatment resulted in improved clinical parameters for both groups. Furthermore, mechanical treatment resulted in a significant reduction in salivary IL-1β and IL-8 levels for both groups after treatment. Periodontal treatment performed in individuals with CP and gingivitis reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8.

Association Between Saliva Quantity and Content Parameters with Caries Intensity Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Subcarpathian Children

Abstract Objective: To evaluate saliva quantity and content parameters among children of 7 and 12 years old, who permanently living on the territory of Subcarpathia with the registered territory-associated fluoride deficiency in the water, and their association with the caries status of pediatric patients. Material and Methods: The study sample was formed of 48 children (22 of 7 years old and 26 of 12 years old). The content of calcium in the oral liquid was determined by the o-cresolphthalein complexone method. Estimation of concentration rate and fluoride activity in the oral liquid was carried out by using the ion-selective electrode ELIS-131 F and ionometer EV-74. The content of inorganic phosphorus in saliva was determined using the phosphorus reaction with molybdic acid Results: Among all study samples, 18.8% were registered with low caries intensity level (DMF = 1.55 ± 0.16), 33.3% with moderate caries intensity level (DMF = 3.94 ± 0.29), and 47.9% with high caries intensity level (DMF = 9.05 ± 1.11). During the comparison of calcium content and mineralization coefficient values between children with low and high caries intensity levels registered difference was statistically significant (p<0.05), while for salivary flow rate parameter such difference was no significant (p>0.05). Between children with normal salivary flow rate, and children with a lowered salivary flow rate there was no statistical difference in such parameters as fluoride concentration, calcium content, phosphorus content and calcium-phosphorus balance (p>0.05) Conclusion: Caries intensity levels were more statistically associated with parameters of calcium content in saliva and related mineralization coefficient, rather than with the average salivary flow rate.

Chicken eggs as a surveillance tool for malaria and leishmaniasis vector presence

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malaria and leishmaniases are transmitted by vectors during blood-feeding. Vector-infected animals develop antibodies against the vector's saliva. This study evaluated IgY antibody detection in the chicken eggs exposed to bites from Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Anopheles aquasalis. METHODS: We used ELISA to quantify the antibody levels in the sera and exposed chicken eggs. RESULTS: High IgY levels were observed following immunization; furthermore, higher reactivity was observed in the eggs and species-specific immune response was observed post final immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken eggs can be used as sentinels to surveil vector saliva antibodies.

Salivary anti-PGL-1 IgM may indicate active transmission of Mycobacterium leprae among young people under 16 years of age

Abstract Considering that the main route of Mycobacterium leprae transmission is the upper respiratory tract, detection of salivary antibodies can be a useful tool for diagnosing early infection. The study aimed to analyze salivary anti-PGL-1 IgA and IgM antibodies in 169 children aged 4-16 years old, who lived nearby or inside the house of multibacillary or paucibacillary leprosy patients in two endemic cities in Alagoas State - Brazil. Salivary anti-PGL-1 antibodies were quantified by modified ELISA method. The frequency of contact and clinical form of the index case were significantly associated with salivary antibody levels. High frequency of IgM positivity strongly suggests active transmission of M. leprae in these communities. We suggest in the present work that salivary anti-PGL IgA and IgM are important biomarkers to be used for identifying communities with probable active transmission of M. leprae.

Efeito da atividade esportiva sobre marcadores imunológicos em saliva de crianças e adolescentes / Effect of sports activity on immunological markers on saliva in children and adolescents

Níveis séricos elevados de IL-6 e TNFα apresentam relação com o baixo nível de aptidão física, excesso de peso e risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. A prática de atividade física regular possui efeito anti-inflamatório, no qual níveis séricos de TNFα e IL-6 apresentam correlação negativa com a aptidão física. Sabendo que a utilização do método de coleta salivar representa uma boa ferramenta para a coleta em crianças, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concentração salivar de IL-6 e TNFα e correlacionar com o IMC, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e potência de membros inferiores, risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e saúde bucal, em meninas praticantes de voleibol. O segundo objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da prática de atividade esportiva sobre os níveis salivares destas citocinas. Dois cortes foram realizados: 1) transversal (n=120) relacionado com a associação entre os níveis de mediadores inflamatórios, medidas antropométricas, testes físicos e saúde bucal; 2) longitudinal (n=63) sobre o efeito do treinamento de voleibol sobre os mediadores inflamatórios salivares. No estudo longitudinal, as meninas completaram as oito semanas de treino e foram submetidas a testes de aptidão física e coletas de saliva no início e após oito semanas de treino. A associação entre a concentração salivar de IL-6, TNFα, a altura de salto e o VO2máx., com as demais variáveis de estudo foram determinadas por meio de análise de regressão linear multivariada. A correlação entre as variáveis que permaneceram significantes no ajuste stepwise e as variáveis preditoras foram determinados pelo teste de correlação de Spearman. As variáveis de estudo foram consideradas significantes se p < 0,05. Vinte e oito meninas (23,4%) apresentaram excesso de peso. Os níveis medianos de IL-6 e TNFα não se alteraram nas diferentes faixas de IMC, tempo de treino e tempo de prática, risco cardiovascular e índice de CPOD. Os níveis de IL-6 e TNFα não foram significativamente diferentes nas crianças sob risco de desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular. Foi observada correlação moderada entre a concentração de IL-6 e TNFα salivares (r=0,34; p<0,001), correlação negativa fraca entre IL-6 e altura de salto vertical (r=-0,28, p<0,005) e correlação moderada entre a concentração de TNFα salivar e idade (r=0,33; p<0,001). O VO2máx. apresentou associação com a altura de salto, idade e tempo de treino semanal. O salto vertical foi influenciado pela idade, IMC, tempo de treino semanal, VO2máx. e tempo de prática da escolinha de voleibol. Os resultados demonstram que níveis salivares de IL-6 e TNFα apresentam correlação, que a IL-6 está relacionada com a aptidão física e que o treinamento promove o aumento da concentração de TNFα salivar, mas isto não está associado ao desempenho físico.

Elevated serum levels of IL-6 and TNFα are related to low physical fitness, overweight and obesity, and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The practice of regular physical activity has anti-inflammatory effects, in which serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 present a negative correlation with physical fitness. Knowing that the use of the salivary collection method represents a good tool for the collection in children, the aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary concentration of IL-6 and TNFα and to correlate with BMI, cardiorespiratory fitness and potency of lower limbs, risk of development of cardiovascular diseases and oral health in girls practicing volleyball. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of sports activity on the salivary levels of these cytokines. Two cuts were made: 1) transversal (n = 120) of the association between levels of inflammatory mediators, anthropometric measures, physical tests and oral health; 2) longitudinal (n = 63) of the effect of volleyball training on salivary inflammatory mediators. In the longitudinal study, the girls completed the eight weeks of training and underwent physical fitness tests and saliva collections at baseline and after eight weeks of training. The association between the salivary concentration of IL-6, TNFα, jump height and VO2max., with the other study variables were determined by multivariate linear regression analysis. The correlation between the variables that remained significant in the stepwise adjustment and the predictor variables were determined by the Spearman correlation test. Study variables were considered significant if p <0.05. Twenty eight athletes (23.4%) were overweight. The median levels of IL-6 and TNFα did not change in the different BMI ranges, training time and practice time, cardiovascular risk, and DMFT index. Levels of IL-6 and TNFα were not significantly different in children at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. A moderate correlation was observed between IL-6 and salivary TNFα concentration (r = 0.34, p <0.001), weak negative correlation between IL-6 and vertical jump height (r = -0.28, p <0.005), and moderate correlation between salivary TNFα concentration and age (r = 0.33, p <0.001). The VO2max. presented association with jump height, age and weekly training time. The vertical jump was influenced by age, BMI, weekly training time, VO2max. and practice time of the volleyball school. The results demonstrate that salivary levels of IL-6 and TNFα correlate, that IL-6 is related to physical fitness and that the training promotes an increase in the concentration of salivary TNFα, but this is not associated with physical performance.

Comparisons of IgA response in saliva and colostrum against oral streptococci species

Abstract The present study compared IgA specificity against oral streptococci in colostrum and saliva samples. Sixty-two mother-and-child pairs were included; samples of colostrum (C) and saliva (MS) were collected from the mothers and saliva samples were collected from babies (BS). The specificity of IgA against Streptococcus mutans and S. mitis were analyzed by western blot. Only 30% of babies’ samples presented IgA reactivity to S. mutans, while 74 and 80% of MS and C, respectively, presented this response. IgA reactivity to S. mutans virulence antigens (Ag I/II, Gtf and GbpB) in positive samples showed differences between samples for Gtf and especially for GbpB (p < 0.05), but responses to Ag I/II were similar (p > 0.05). The positive response of Gtf-reactive IgA was different between C (90%) and MS (58%) samples (p < 0.05), but did not differ from BS (p > 0.05). GbpB was the least detected, with 48 and 26% of C and MS, and only 5% of BS samples presenting reactivity (p > 0.05). Eight percent of MS and C samples presented identical bands to SM in the same time-point. In conclusion, the differences of IgA response found between C and MS can be due to the different ways of stimulation, proliferation and transportation of IgA in those secretions. The colostrum has high levels of IgA against S. mutans virulence antigens, which could affect the installation and accumulation process of S. mutans, mainly by supplying anti-GbpB IgA to the neonate.

Comparison of biochemical and immunological profile of pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia in relation to healthy individuals / Comparação do perfil bioquímico e imunológico de pacientes pediátricos com leucemia mieloide aguda e de indivíduos saudáveis

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare the biochemical and immunological profiles of pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with healthy children and adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which 21 therapy-naïve patients with AML were compared with a group of 24 healthy individuals. The following data were analyzed: serum proteins, leucocytes and subgroups, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures under spontaneous and BCG- or PHA-stimulated conditions, immunoglobulin A, and erythrocytic glutathione. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, considering as significant p-values < 0.05. RESULTS: Serum albumin levels were higher (p < 0.0001) in the control group, as well as all the parameters related to red blood cells (p < 0.0001). For leucocytes and subgroups, no statistical difference was found between the AML and the control groups. For cytokines, the concentrations were significantly higher under spontaneous and BCG-stimulated conditions for TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-? in the control group. Under PHA-stimulated conditions, the concentration was higher (p = 0.002) only for IL-6. No difference was found between the two groups for the other cytokines and for IgA in the saliva. Erythrocytic glutathione was higher (p < 0.0001) in AML patients. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to characterize the biochemical and immunological profile of pediatric patients with AML, as well as highlight some significant differences in these parameters when comparing with healthy children and adolescents.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil bioquímico e imunológico de pacientes pediátricos portadores de leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) em relação a um grupo de crianças e adolescentes saudáveis. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, em que foram avaliados 21 pacientes com LMA virgens de terapia e 24 indivíduos saudáveis. Foram analisados: proteínas séricas, leucócitos e subgrupos, eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina e plaquetas, citocinas em cultura de células mononucleares do sangue periférico sob condição espontânea e estimulada por BCG ou PHA, imunoglobulina A e glutationa eritrocitária. Análise estatística foi feita com o software SPSS considerando p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Albumina sérica foi superior (p < 0,0001) no grupo de controle, bem como todos os parâmetros relacionados com os glóbulos vermelhos (p < 0,0001). Para os leucócitos e subgrupos não houve diferença estatística entre os pacientes com LMA e o grupo controle. As concentrações foram significativamente mais elevadas sob condições espontânea e estimulada por BCG para as citocinas TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 e IFN-? no grupo controle. Sob condição estimulada com PHA a concentração foi superior (p = 0,002) apenas para a IL-6. Não houve diferença estatística para as demais citocinas e para IgA salivar entre os dois grupos. Glutationa eritrocitária foi superior (p < 0,0001) nos pacientes LMA. CONCLUSÕES: Diante do exposto, foi possível caracterizar o perfil bioquímico e imunológico de pacientes pediátricos com LMA, bem como evidenciar diferenças significativas em alguns desses parâmetros ao se compararem os indivíduos doentes e o grupo de crianças e adolescentes saudáveis.

Fisiologia comparada do fluido oral e suas principais aplicações clínicas / Comparative physiology of fluid oral and main clinical applications / Fisiología comparada del fluido oral y sus principales aplicaciones clínicas

O fluido oral é um líquido incolor e viscoso que resulta da combinação entre a saliva e os transudatos da cavidade oral, transudato da mucosa oral e fluido crevicular gengival. A saliva é secretada pelas glândulas salivares, enquanto o transudatos da cavidade oral tem origem nos capilares da mucosa e nos tecidos gengivais. O uso do fluido oral é assegurando por uma ampla base de investigações científicas na medicina humana e veterinária. Vários patógenos podem ser avaliados pela reatividade de anticorpos e ou identificação de antígenos. Além disso, o procedimento de coleta é simples, não invasivo e garante uma amostragem sistemática nos diagnósticos clínicos e em pesquisas. Por conseguinte, as informações relacionadas à secreção e composição, bem como os mecanismos de transporte dos componentes do fluido oral são de grande valor. Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o fluido oral, enfatizando o processo de secreção, composição, mecanismos de transporte de substâncias, bem como suas aplicações clínicas e principais limitações nos seres humanos e nos animais domésticos.

The oral fluid is a colorless and viscous liquid that results from the combination of saliva and transudates of oral cavity, oral mucosal transudate and gingival crevicular fluid. Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands, while the transudates of oral cavity as its origin in capillary mucosa and gingival tissues. The use of oral fluid is thereby ensuring a broad base of scientific research in human and veterinary medicine. Several pathogens can be assessed by reactivity or identification of antibodies and antigens. Furthermore, the collection procedure is simple, noninvasive and provides a systematic sampling in clinical diagnostics and in research. Therefore, the information related to the secretion and composition as well as the transport mechanisms of the oral fluid components are of great value. The aim of this work is make a critical review of the oral fluid, emphasizing the process of secretion and composition, transport mechanisms of the substances present in the plasma to the oral cavity and its clinical applications and major limitations in humans and domestic animals.

El fluido oral es un líquido incoloro y viscoso que resulta de la combinación entre la saliva y los trasudados de la cavidad oral, trasudado de la mucosa oral y fluido crevicular gingival. La saliva es secretada por las glándulas salivales, mientras el trasudado de la cavidad oral tiene origen en los capilares de la mucosa y en los tejidos gingivales. El uso del fluido oral es garantizado por una amplia base de investigaciones científicas en la medicina humana y veterinaria. Varios agentes patógenos pueden ser evaluados por la reactividad de anticuerpos y/o la identificación de antígenos. Además, el procedimiento de recogida es simple, no invasivo, y asegura un muestreo sistemático en los diagnósticos clínicos y en la investigación. Por lo tanto, las informaciones relacionadas con la secreción y composición, así como los mecanismos de transporte de los componentes del fluido oral son importantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el fluido oral, destacando el proceso de secreción, composición, mecanismos de transporte de sustancias, así como sus aplicaciones clínicas y principales limitaciones en los seres humanos y en los animales domésticos.

[Evaluation of Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A Levels in Diabetic patients and association with Oral and Dental Manifestations]

Objectives: Oral and dental manifestations in diabetic patients can arise due to numerous factors, including elevated salivary secretory immunoglobulin A [s-IgA] levels. This study aimed to evaluate s-IgA concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] and to investigate the association between s-IgA levels and oral and dental manifestations of T2DM

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between October 2011 and September 2012 in Kerman, Iran, and included 260 subjects [128 patients with T2DM and 132 healthy controls]. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all subjects and s-IgA levels were determined using the immunoturbidimetric method. The oral cavities and teeth of T2DM patients were evaluated for oral and dental manifestations

Results: Both diabetic and control subjects with higher concentrations of s-IgA had significantly higher numbers of decayed, missing or filled teeth [DMFT] and periodontal index [PDI] scores [P <0.050]. s-IgA levels were significantly higher in subjects with oral candidiasis [P <0.050]. Among diabetic patients, significantly higher s-IgA levels were concomitant with xerostomia and denture stomatitis [P

Conclusion: Individuals with a greater number of DMFT, a higher PDI score and oral candidiasis had significantly higher s-IgA levels. s-IgA levels were not significantly higher among diabetic patients in comparison to the control group. However, significantly higher s-IgA levels occurred with xerostomia and denture stomatitis in diabetic patients. In addition, s-IgA was significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled diabetes compared to those with controlled diabetes

Anti-dentine Salivary SIgA in young adults with a history of dental trauma in deciduous teeth

Anti-dentin autoantibodies are associated with inflammatory root resorption in permanent teeth and are modulated by dental trauma and orthodontic force. However, it is not known whether deciduous tooth trauma can stimulate the development of a humoral immune response against dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of salivary SIgA reactivity against human dentin extract in young adults with a history of trauma in the primary dentition. A sample of 78 patients, aged 18 to 25, who had completed an early childhood (0 to 5 years old) caries prevention program years earlier at the Universidade Estadual de LondrinaPediatric Clinic, underwent radiographic examination and salivary sampling. Anti-dentin SIgA levels were analyzed by immunoenzymatic assay and Western blotting. Although dental trauma to deciduous teeth had occurred in 34 (43.6%) of the patients, no differences in SIgA levels were detected between individuals who had experienced trauma and those who had not (p > 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed no association between dental trauma and SIgA levels (p > 0.05). Patients with a history of deciduous trauma presented low levels of anti-dentin antibodies, associated with orthodontic root resorption (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that salivary antibodies recognized a single band of approximately 45 kDa in dentin extract. We concluded that salivary SIgA recognizes a specific component of the dentin matrix and that anti-dentin antibodies were not triggered by trauma to primary teeth. However, trauma to deciduous teeth may down-modulate SIgA in response to orthodontic root response.